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Quillquest
Villanelle: Two Refrains That Will Not Leave

Villanelle: Two Refrains That Will Not Leave

Nineteen lines built from only two rhyme sounds and two repeated lines. The form is airtight, which is exactly why it works for material the speaker cannot get out of: the poem repeats because the mind repeats.

Form
Villanelle
Lines
19
Metre
19 lines: five tercets and a quatrain, rhyme ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABAA, refrains at lines 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 19
Date

Specimen: an original villanelle in ABA with two full refrains

I keep the porch light on for no one now. The dog has learned the sound of every car and still I leave the porch light on, somehow.
The neighbours think I am waiting, and allow themselves a wave. They do not know how far I keep the porch light on for no one now.
My father fixed the wiring. I don't know how he did it, but the switch is where they are, and still I leave the porch light on, somehow.
The dog is thirteen. On Tuesday I made a vow to bury him out back, where the others are. I keep the porch light on for no one now.
In September the moths come, and I allow them one hour of the dark beneath the star. And still I leave the porch light on, somehow.
There is no one. That is the point. I plough the driveway in November, past the car. I keep the porch light on for no one now. And still I leave the porch light on, somehow.

Two lines, eight appearances, and they must not mean the same thing

The first and third lines of the opening tercet return eight times between them. If they mean the same thing on appearance six as on appearance one, the poem is dead by line 9. The refrains have to be re-read by their context: the same sentence, now said by someone who has learned something.

In the specimen, I keep the porch light on for no one now starts as a statement of habit. By the fifth appearance the dog has died and the line has become a description of grief mechanics. The words never changed; the reader did.

How to write a refrain that survives eight uses

Avoid a refrain that finishes its own thought. A closed sentence — the world is empty and I am done — has nowhere to go. Use a sentence with a hinge in it: a word such as now, still, always, or again, which can be re-dated by the lines that surround it.

Second, make sure the refrain can take both a literal and a figurative reading. A porch light can be a light. It can also be a habit, a vigil, a refusal. Eight appearances need at least three of those.

The rhyme is a constraint that produces the poem

Only two rhyme sounds across nineteen lines. In English that means the A rhymes will be drawn from a short list — now, how, allow, vow, plough, somehow — and the B rhymes from another — car, are, far, star, bar. The constraint forces syntax you would not have chosen: line 9 in the specimen, and still I leave the porch light on, somehow, is there partly because the previous line needed a B rhyme and somehow was available.

That is not a defect. The form is a machine for making the poem say things the poet would have avoided. When the constraint pushes you somewhere stupid, change the refrain in draft, not the rhyme.

The quatrain finally answers

The closing four lines are the only place the two refrains are allowed to sit next to each other with nothing between them. That adjacency is the form's resolution: the two positions the speaker has been holding for seventeen lines are, in the end, the same position.

If your quatrain needs to introduce a new idea to resolve the poem, the earlier tercets are not carrying enough and should be rewritten rather than patched at the end.

Terms used in this entry
refrain叠句
A line or lines repeated at fixed intervals, whose meaning shifts with context.
tercet三行组
A three-line stanza; the villanelle is five tercets plus a quatrain.
fixed form固定体式
A form in which stanza shape, rhyme and repetition are prescribed in advance.
repetition重复
Saying the same words again in a changed context so that they mean something new.
obsession执念
The subject matter fixed forms suit best: what the speaker cannot stop returning to.